Social theories in social work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social speculations in social work - Essay Example Social work is an order that includes the use of social hypothesis and some exploration techniques. The reason for which is to improve the general nature of living of society on the loose. Social work joins and uses other sociologies so as to improve the human conditions. Social work is along these lines a calling resolved to achieve social equity and an improved way of life. Social work manages and settle pretty much every significant social issue. Social laborers are engaged with the investigating the main drivers of different social issues and creating perfect arrangements reads for the equivalent. They may work with people, gatherings or the general public developed in the mid nineteenth century. Social function as a calling advanced in the mid nineteenth century. This was started by the issues made in the public eye by the modern insurgency. Social work as a calling. It was activated by the distinctive utilization of logical thinking and hypotheses to different investigations. Various instructive organizations acknowledged social work as a control and offered courses. In the twentieth century, the social work as a calling relied intensely on research and different proof based practices. This prompted a general improvement in the polished skill of social work. At present social laborers are fixated on bunches of interests in taking care of cultural issues. Proficient social laborers as a rule hold an expert degree in social work and may even have a permit or are expertly.

Welsh childhood Essay Example for Free

Welsh youth Essay Dylan Marlais Thomas was conceived in the Welsh seaport of Swansea, Carmarthenshire, Wales, on October 27, 1914. His dad, David John, was an English instructor and a future writer from whom Dylan acquired his scholarly and artistic capacities. From his mom, Florence, a straightforward and strict lady, Dylan acquired his state of mind, personality, and regard for his Celtic legacy. He had one more established sister, Nancy. He went to the Swansea Grammar School, where he got the entirety of his conventional training. As an understudy he made commitments to the school magazine and was definitely intrigued by neighborhood old (stories went down inside a culture). He said that as a kid he was little, slender, hesitantly dynamic, fast to get filthy, wavy. During these early school years, Thomas become a close acquaintence with Daniel Jones, another nearby student. The two would compose many sonnets together, and as grown-ups Jones would alter an assortment of Thomass verse. In the wake of leaving school, Thomas bolstered himself as an on-screen character, columnist, commentator, scriptwriter, and with different unspecialized temp jobs. At the point when he was twenty-two years of age, he wedded Caitlin Macnamara, by whom he had two children, Llewelyn and Colm, and a little girl, Aeron. After his marriage, Thomas moved to the angling town of Laugharne, Carmarthenshire. Starts composing vocation To help his developing family, Thomas had to compose radio contents for the Ministry of Information (Great Britains data administrations) and narratives for the British government. He additionally filled in as an airplane heavy weapons specialist during World War II (1939â€45; a war battled between Germany, Japan, and Italy, the Axis forces; and England, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, the Allies). After the war he turned into an observer on verse for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). In 1950 Thomas made the first of three talk visits through the Reproduced by authorization of AP/Wide World Photos . Joined Statesâ€the others were in 1952 and 1953â€in which he gave more than one hundred verse readings. In these appearances he half recounted, half sang the lines in his Welsh performing voice. Thomass beautiful yield was not enormous. He composed just six sonnets over the most recent six years of his life. A tiring talk plan enormously eased back his artistic yield in these years. His conviction that he would kick the bucket youthful drove him to make moment Dylanâ€the persona of the wild youthful Welsh troubadour, doomed by drink and ladies, that he accepted his open needed. At the point when he was thirty-five years of age, he portrayed himself as old, little, dim, savvy, and dashing hovering dabbing looked at †¦ thinning up top and toothlessing. During Thomass visit to the United States in 1953, he was booked to peruse his own and other verse in somewhere in the range of forty college towns all through the nation. He likewise planned to chip away at the lyrics (content) of a drama for Igor Stravinsky (1882â€1971) in the latters California home. Thomas commended his thirty-ninth birthday celebration in New York City in a state of mind of gay elation, following the exceptional achievement of his simply distributed Collected Poems. The merriments finished in his breakdown and disease. On November 9, 1953, he kicked the bucket in St. Vincents Hospital in New York City. A few reports ascribe his demise to pneumonia welcomed on by liquor abuse, others to encephalopathy, a cerebrum illness. His body was come back to Laugharne, Wales, for entombment. Artistic works Thomas distributed his first book of verse, Eighteen Poems (1934), when he was not yet twenty years of age. The reeling energy of a verse inebriated student destroyed the Philistine as hard a blow with one little book as Swinburne had with Poems and Ballads, composed Kenneth Rexroth. Thomass second and third volumes were Twenty-five Poems (1936) and The Map of Love (1939). The sonnets of his initial three volumes were gathered in The World I Breathe (1939). At this point Thomas was being hailed as the most fabulous of the surrealist artists, or artists who utilized awesome symbolism of the subliminal in their section. He recognized his obligation to James Joyce (1882â€1941) and dabbed his pages with concocted words and plays on words (the utilization of at least two words that sound the equivalent, for the most part for clever purposes). Thomas additionally recognized his obligation to Sigmund Freud (1856â€1939), expressing: Poetry is the cadenced, unavoidably account, development from an over dressed visual deficiency to a bare vision.†¦ Poetry must drag further into the away from of light more even of the concealed causes than Freud could understand. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog (1940) is an assortment of entertaining personal (having to do with expounding on oneself) portrays. Thomas adored the wild scene of Wales, and he put quite a bit of his adolescence and youth into these accounts. He distributed two all the more new assortments of verse, the two of which contained a portion of his best work: Deaths and Entrances (1946) and In Country Sleep (1951). Gathered Poems, 1934â€1953 (1953) contains the entirety of his verse that he wished to save. Subjects and style Thomas asserted that his verse was the record of my individual battle from obscurity toward some proportion of light.†¦ To be deprived of haziness is to be spotless, to segment of murkiness is to make clean. He additionally composed that his sonnets with every one of their crudities, questions, and disarrays, are composed for the love of man and in recognition of God, and Id be a doomed idiot on the off chance that they werent. Enthusiastic and serious, clear and rough, Thomas composed that he turned into an artist since I had become hopelessly enamored with words. His feeling of the extravagance and assortment and adaptability of the English language radiates through the entirety of his work. The topic of all of Thomass verse is the festival of the heavenly (faithful) reason he found in all human and normal procedures. The pattern of birth and blossoming and passing, of adoration and demise, are likewise found all through his sonnets. He praised life in the oceans and fields and slopes and towns of his local Wales. In a portion of his shorter sonnets he tried to recover a childs honest vision of the world. Thomas was enthusiastically devoted to his dreary workmanship, and he was a skilled, completed, and sporadically complex expert. He made, for instance, in excess of 200 forms of Fern Hill before he was happy with it. His initial sonnets are generally secretive and complex in sense however basic and clear in design. His later sonnets, then again, are basic in sense however complex in sounds. Under Milk Wood, a radio play authorized by the BBC (distributed 1954), was Thomass last finished work. This sonnet play isn't a show however a motorcade of weird, unbelievable, and beguiling Welsh townspeople. During the twenty-four hours introduced in the play, the characters recollect and contemplate the easygoing and significant snapshots of their lives. Experiences in the Skin Trade and Other Stories (1955) contains all the uncollected stories and shows the mind and amusingness that made Thomas a captivating friend.

On IAP

On IAP Hiiiii allll!!! Its been far too long since my last post! Let me update you on my life since October! First, Ive passed every class that Ive finished! Yay! Seeing the P on my report card brought me tears of pure joy. No, not that kind of P. The pass kind of P! I passed calc, writing, and music tech! My physics class continues into IAP (more on that later). It was all relatively painless, although my music tech final project stressed me out a bit. See, I was gonna write a musical programing language. A novel way to write songs, I described it as! Then I started writing a parser and was like, Aww crap. This is harder then I thought, so a few days before the project was due, I restarted using Lua. I ended up not finishing it. I had nothing. When I went to give my presentation in front of the class I was like, Uhhhhh, I dont have anything?? It was very sad, but I talked about what I wanted it to be and I ended up getting full points on my project. Yee!!! Now, onto IAP. Between the Fall and Spring terms lies the mystical land of IAP. Throughout the month of January you can take classes, work on personal projects, do UROPs, or just hang out. Here is a full outline of all of my plans for IAP. Physics My physics class, 8.01L, goes on until the end of IAP. Really breaks my poor heart T-T. As you can guess, Im not a big fan of physics. Oh well, thats why Im in 8.01L. Jojo Jojo? JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOJOOOOO! Yes! Episodes of part 5 are being released and Im watching them v slowly because I refuse to pay for Crunchyroll premium. Also, I introduced my partner to Jojo and weve been watching part 3 together. A quality bonding time for us :3 For your viewing pleasure, the torture dance from part 5: Dark Souls Dark Souls? DAAAAAAA- Ive loved Dark Souls since forever (I may or may not have talked about it during my MIT interview and included a quote in my FUN form), however Ive never met another person who loves it as much as I do. Until I came to MIT, that is. Since September, weve been playing through Dark Souls 2. She is the Invincible Shield, and I am the Annihilating Sword. Literally, I use two of these bad bois:  https://darksouls2.wiki.fextralife.com/Fume+Ultra+Greatsword Were a great team, crushing everything in our way! *Warcry* *Praise the sun* *Well, what is it?* Game Development Ive talked about it before, but Im very into game design and development. I recently applied (as in, 30 minutes before I started writing this post) to UROP with the MIT Game Lab. Hopefully I get it, but well see. Regardless, Im going to work on a little Megaman demo project. I highly recommend looking up Megaman if you dont know what it is, its a really incredibly game and is what got me interested in making video games in first place. I just want to work on simple Megaman game. Nothing fancy, just the basics. Its been my dream project since forever and Ive started and stopped similar projects several times in the past, but hopefully I can remain focused during IAP. Focus is really the hardest thing to maintain during any project. You begin in a sort of honeymoon phase, and then you start actually working on it and realize that its going to be a lot more work. You start to work on the project less and less before ultimately getting a passion for a different project. You drop this one and start work on the next one. Happens all the time. I havent figured out how to break it, but Ill keep you posted. True crime podcasts My sister got me hooked on true crime podcasts. I cant stop listening to Casefile. Does it make me scared and nervous? Of course! Am I going to stop listening to it? Of course not! Other good ones that my sister introduced me to: Serial, In the Dark, Dirty John, and Dr. Death. Video games Steam winter sale. I bought Outlast 2, the Penumbra series, and EU 4 (people on my hall have been playing it :P) for around $20! Just in time! Finally, I just want to talk about my schedule for next semester. Here is my planned schedule in all its glory: 8.02 (Electricity and Magnetism) 6.009 (Fundamentals of Programming) 21M.301 (Harmony and Counterpoint) 18.100B (Real Analysis) Most of my choices arent that shocking. Students take 8.02 after 8.01. 6.009 is a prerequisite for many course 6 classes. And, ya know, Im into music. 18.100B is probably the most out-there class on my list. I have no analysis background. I have no proof background (unless you count geometry, which I dont -_-). Im gonna be busy af next semester. Im both excited and scared, but thats ok! I may not have PNR as a safety net, but thats ok! I feel like Im taking a really big step, but at the same time I feel like I can manage. If I cant, well, here is the great Joseph Joestar with some wise words: PS: I highly the recommend the album Heir to Despair by Sigh. Super cool prog metal.

Gender Roles Are Set Of Societal Norms - 1530 Words

Introduction Gender roles are set of societal norms dictating the types of behavior which are genrally considered acceptable , appropriate based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality of the person. Gender roles are also determined by the prevailing cultural norms. Gender stereotypes also alters the the attitudes, traits, and behavior patterns of males and females. Gender stereotypes on the basis of sexism, or the prejudiced beliefs that value males over females. Common forms of sexism in today’s society include gender-role expectations, such as expecting women to be the caretakers of the household. Sexism also includes of how a members of a gender group should behave. For example, women are expected to be friendly, nurturing and passive; when a woman behaves in an unfriendly or rude manner, she may be disliked or apprehend as aggressive because she has violated a gender role . In contrast, a man behaving in a similarly unfriendly or rude way might be apprehend as strong or even ga in respect in some circumstances During Victorian era a male has always been dominating figure in family. Men were highly expected to provide for the family, their work in the family meant bringing back money. While men commuted to their place of work_ the factory, shop or office. While Females were left at home all day their duty was to watch over the domestic duties that were increasingly carried out by servant, rather than performing it themselves. Men were superior over women andShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Are A Set Of Societal Norms Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Gender roles are a set of societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality† (Oxford). Is it a boy or girl? What sport will he play? When will she take dance lessons? Women shouldn’t have jobs! Men should work while women take care of the house! Women belong in the kitchen! Men don’t do househo ld chores! These are just some examples of stereotypes adopted by societyRead MoreSocial Construction Theory : The Product Of Society And History851 Words   |  4 Pagesevery person; they are the values, norms, values, and images in society that are combined, constructed, or created. Societal pressures and the media offer racial, gender, and sexual biases which society uses to form a complete portrayal of each group. From a gender inequality approach, social construction theorists argue that societal and historical beliefs determine the characteristics for each gender. Societal pressure forces men and women into their inherent roles which they may not fall into naturallyRead MoreQuestions On Door Holding Exchanges1056 Words   |  5 Pagesaccepted as a societal norm. Some researchers have looked at door holding from an altruistic standpoint and looked at courteous behavior, under the assumption that this behavior may be selfishly motivated, that one may get something in return. Other studies looked at situational context and proximity and what may have motivated the participant to hold open a door in one scenario, but refrain from the behavior in another. Many studies on door holding behavior are also interested in gender differencesRead MoreExamining Sub-Cultures: The Goth Culture1665 Words   |  7 Pagesinherently subject to collaborative norms and values that have been instilled in humanit y, with the consideration that this varies across cultures. The paradigm between collective action and individual desire results in the formation of what is deemed socially acceptable, such as gender roles, sexual orientation, gender performance etc. â€Å"It is social norms that provide the constraints by which the interaction between the basic dyad of self and other is governed†¦social norms also provide the source of identityRead Morehe Impact of Heteronormativity on the Transgender Community In society, children are taught1200 Words   |  5 Pagesexpectations onto the people around them. More often than not these societal expectations conform with that of a heteronormative mindset1. In a modern western context, heteronormativity is the notion that people fall into distinct genders, male and female, and lead natural roles in life all while conforming to the ideology of traditional binary gender roles. Such heteronormative bias asserts that traditional binary gender roles--masculine men and feminine females--and heterosexuality are the mostRead MoreThe, The Tale Of Genji, And Sunjata1455 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence the listener through relatable or believable stories, whether they be fact or fiction, to solidify the gender hierarchy as shown in literary stories such as Lysistrata, the Tale of Genji, and Sunjata. The solidification of the gender hierarchy through stories cemented women into a position below men of which women were and still are unable to escape or to improve on. The gender hierarchy is commonly demonstrated through the objectification of women. This has been exemplified through theseRead MoreSexuality and the development of a sexual selfhood is a development that can occur during900 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior as human behavior was thought to be directly related to reproductive processes. Furthermore, this perspective prompted Erikson to conclude that sexual behavior and gender were unlearned (nature) and instinctual. Now, these perspectives have been critiqued from the standpoint that there is more freedom to self-select gender roles than was previously envisioned. In addition, there has been a recent shift to realizing that â€Å"part of adolescence is the very broad task of navigating how to become aRead MoreGender And Gender Roles1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthey must be and how they must act determined by their gender. Gender roles are a set of societal norms that dictate a person’s behavior based on the appropriate and acceptable rules for their gender. This notion derives from the assumption that girls favor dolls and dress-up, while boys prefer toy guns and trucks. These instances contribute to the concept that those of male and female gender must fulfill a specific ideology. These societal standards are ingrained within us as children and we areRead MoreSymbolism In Praying By Artist Kesha1083 Words   |  5 Pagestelevisions presenting forth slogans that represent societal expectations, and the change in color and position from the beginning of the video to the end. The imagery of Kesha being trapped and tangled up in a net symbolizes the struggles many women face in society today. In the video, Kesha is pictured confined in nets all over her body. This imagery represents the feeling of entrapment and the feeling of being unable to break free of the gender roles that are so highly expected and enforced in theRead MoreSocial Construction Of Gender And Masculinity1689 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes regarding the social construction of gender, specifically masculinity and femininity. Children’s attitudes are influenced by a variety of external sources, but are most strongly influenced by their home life and parents. Parents are responsible for nurturing and teaching children about multiple aspects in life, including gender norms; this occurs both consciously and unconsciously. One-way parents pass on their beliefs about gender and gender norms are through the giving of heteronormative toys

Natural Law Theory Essay - 661 Words

Natural Law Theory The natural law theory is a theory that dates back to the time of the Greeks and great thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. Defined as the law which states that human are inborn with certain laws preordained into them which let them determine what is right and what is wrong.(Bainton 174) This theory was them adapted by religious philosophers to fit the Christian religion.(Berkhof 114) This, however was not exactly the same as the original. The classical thinkers were the first to define the natural law. Heraclitus, in the sixth century BC, specified one the components by saying, *for all human laws are nourished by one, the divine.* This meant that a divine power determined a logic and gave to all humans. (Microsoft†¦show more content†¦For Stoics, the wise would be those who excluded emotion and passion from their decision making process.(Bainton 21-22) The great Christian philosophers came upon this theory and realized that it was compatible to their religion. Probably the most famous of them was St. Thomas Aquinas. He stated in his Summa Theologiae that God gave man the ability to determine the difference of right from wrong by the *Eternal Law.* This law gave all beings a tendency to do what was proper or natural. He went on to say that by doing what was right, each being was in fact using divine reason. The natural law, according to Aquinas, was the participation in the Eternal Law, doing what was right.(Comptons) Marriage and the procreation of children, for example, are natural to all beings. The desire to marry and make offspring is an inborn instinct given by God. The natural law, in both Christian and secular views, state that all humans act or should act in certain ways and abide by certain rules, and that these were predestined by a divine power. The Christian thinkers, led by St. Thomas Aquinas, only added that the divine power was God and that by doing what was right, one was using divine reason. The natural law is the essence of the word natural. It just means anything normal or feels normal is right. I do agree with most of the natural law. I very much believe that God gave man the ability to reaso n right from wrong and that sometimes we just have a feel for whatShow MoreRelatedThe s Natural Law Theory1219 Words   |  5 Pages The Aquina’s Natural Law Theory has five primary precepts: Reproduction, Life (living to the supreme good), education in adult life, worshiping God, and law and order (Natural Law Theory, 2010). With this being one theory that Christians live by, I think these five precepts would be very easy to automatically disagree with some, if not all of these scientific advancements. Such as birth control and homosexuality, but with the changes in society s view, so does the natural law. The Stoics believedRead MoreExplain the Theory of Natural Law1808 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 2001 Explain the theory of Natural law (25 marks) The theory of natural law originates from Aristotle’s idea of goodness as fitness for purpose and stoic’s concept of a universal law of reason which is in agreement with nature. What we now call human nature. This point is then furthered by Aquinas who agrees with the argument but furthers it by linking it with his Christian belief by saying following this law is equivalent to following the command of God as human nature is in us inbuiltRead MoreExplain Natural Law Theory Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesExplain Natural Law theory In this essay, I will discuss the theories behind Natural Law, as well as the qualities it is seen to possess. I will explain Aquinas’ concepts and theory on Natural Law, discussing eudaimonia and the doctrine of the double effect. Finally, I will reflect on some of the positive and negative aspects, in summarising Natural Law theory. It is important to highlight that Natural Laws differ from acts which occur naturally. There are many aspects to Natural Law, the firstRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Essay examples1037 Words   |  5 Pagesby the natural law theory is the only true and moral way to live life; especially a life lived in God’s image. God’s presence is a guiding factor to obtaining a moral and virtuous life, which can only be obtained by following the natural law theory. God created a set of laws as a supreme guide for humans to live life, like any law these laws were created to ensure wellbeing for everyone. The laws he created are the civil law, the natural law and the divine law God created them from a law much superiorRead MoreThomas Hobbes Theory Of Natural Law1794 Words   |  8 Pagesis whether laws and rules created in society are moral and fair and how these can vary between human beings and traditions. Therefore the whole notion of Natural Law governing society has been re ached from different conclusions, which in turn sees Thomas Hobbes’ social contract theory as opposing to St. Thomas Aquinas’ theory of natural law. Yet this does not change the fact that many Western democracies base their moral decision-making within Hobbes’ concept. (Kenney, 2005) The theory formulatedRead MoreNatural Law Theory, Positivism, And The Fugitive Slave Law2385 Words   |  10 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Philosophy allows people to study the nature of people’s beliefs which can differ over time. Not even the law is exempt from the opinions of philosophers. Seeing law in different ways allows people to come to different conclusions about legal cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history, which allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled north to free states. Once, jurorsRead MoreLegal Positivism Over Natural Law Theory982 Words   |  4 Pageslegal justification, legal positivists can still embrace the moral idea and not be in conflict with their generally held belief in the â€Å"strictly legal† concept of law. In Torben Spaak’s opinion, there is a reason to desire legal positivism; he explains this throu gh introducing the concept of jurisprudence. When discussing the nature of law, Spaak states, â€Å"that while the moral conception is what is likely favored on a smaller scale, the strictly legal conception is more appealing because it is broaderRead MoreExplain Finnis’ Natural Law Theory Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesExplain Finnis’ Natural Law Theory (30 marks) John Finnis, an Australian legal philosopher has tried to resurrect the natural law tradition in moral philosophy and law since the mid-1960s. He tries to offer a neo-Aquinian natural law philosophy which does not presuppose a divine being. By focusing attention on goods rather than a single Good, Finnis skilfully articulates what he calls a theory of moral action for our day. Or, in other words, he seeks a theory of how to live well. Finnis identifiesRead MoreLocke s Theory Of Equality And Natural Law2387 Words   |  10 PagesLocke’s theory of equality and natural law. What is equality? Equality is the state of being equal and the rights of status. Throughout the 1st and 2nd treatise of government Locke put emphasis on equality. Locke is a liberalist who believes that everyone should have equality in a governed society. The reason Locke feels that way is because in a society the people create the government. With the citizens doing this they give the government consent to g overn them by protecting them and their propertyRead Moreâ€Å"What Are the Major Strengths and Weakness of Dworkin’s Theory of Law as Compared to a Positivist or Natural Law Perspective?† Discuss.1988 Words   |  8 Pagesweakness of Dworkin’s theory of law as compared to a positivist or natural law perspective?† Discuss. Arguably one of the most influential legal theorists of the 20th century, Ronald Dworkin’s dealings with law’s interpretation and integrity has lead to inevitable contradictions with that of positivist ideology, with his work essentially revitalising a method of thinking that had long been considered dead and buried. Perhaps most notoriously, Dworkin combated the positivist theory of his former teacher

Cell Energetics Study Guide Free Essays

Cellular Energetics Study Guide 1. Overall Metabolism a. Oxidation – a molecule LOSSES hydrogen, energy is RELEASED b. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Energetics Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reduction – a molecule GAINS hydrogen, energy is GAINED and stored (the more reduced a molecule is, the more energy is stored in its COVALENT BONDS) *** Always occur in a coupled pair (RED-OX)*** c. Electron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents: are REDUCED to OXIDIZE another molecule 1. NAD+ – oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis, oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 in the Kreb’s cycle (gets reduced to NADH) 2. NADP+- oxidizes H2O to O2 during the Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis, final electron acceptor from chlorophyll (PSI) (gets reduced to NADPH) 3. FAD+- oxidizes NADH to NAD during glycolysis and transported to the mitochondrion (gets reduced to FADHs) ii. Reducing Agents: are OXIDIZED to REDUCE another molecule 4. NADH- reduces 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic acid in fermentation, reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to NAD) *CANNOT pass through the mitochondrion* 5. NADPH- reduces CO2 to form carbohydrates (Calvin Cycle) in the Dark Reactions of photosynthesis (gets oxidized to NADP) 6. FADH2- reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to FAD) *CAN pass through the mitochondrion* 2. Phosphorylation: Formation of ATP (ADP + P ATP) d. Substrate-level: direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP * Only occurs during glycolysis when O2 is not needed to function * Only a small amount of ATP is produced this way e. Electron Transfer /Chemiosmosis: the movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase that can HARNESS THE ENERGY OF THAT GRADIENT (proton-motive force) to bond ADP and phosphate to create ATP through oxidative phosphorylation * Occurs during the Light Dependent Reaction * 90% of ATP is produced this way 3. Photosynthesis f. Balanced Net Reaction: light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 g. Light Dependent Reaction – occurs on the thylakoid lumen iii. Photolysis – oxidation of H2O to release electrons used to return PSII to ground state iv. NADP Reduction – NADP receives an electron from PSI as it passes through electron transfer chains, reducing it to NADPH+. Electrons are passed from excited atoms that gain energy from a photon. v. ATP Synthesis – ATP is produced by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Proton gradient (within the thylakoid interior) is made as electrons from photosystems are passed through proton pumps. h. Light Independent Reaction – occurs in the stroma vi. CO2 fixation: RuBP + CO2 2 PGA (a form that can be easily reduced). The reaction is catalyzed by RUBISCO. 7. In the presence of oxygen, RuBP + O2 Bad Sugar; process is called photorespiration. Plants overcome this by keeping a HIGH concentration of CO2. Land plants must compromise opening the stroma to maintain high CO2 concentration with loss of H2O. There are 2 additional adaptations that evolved: a. C-4 Pathway – formation of Oxaloacetate (C-4) from CO2 + PEP (C-3). Occurs in outer cells (mesophyll). Calvin cycle occurs in inner cells only (closer to supply of CO2, bundle sheath). b. CAM Pathway – like C-4, but fixation only occurs at night, when water loss is minimal. Found in desert plants, like cacti. vii. Calvin Cycle 8. PGA is reduced to PGAL using the products of the light dependent reaction, NADPH (oxidized) and ATP (provides energy) 9. One-sixth of the PGAL produced is used to create glucose for the cell to grow and repair. 10. Five-sixths of the PGAL is used to produce RuBP, completing the cycle (energy requiring). 4. Cellular Respiration i. Balanced Net Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O j. Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm. All organisms carry out this process. viii. Glucose is double phosphorylated by 2 ATP and broken up into two three carbon phosphorylated molecules called PGAL ix. Each PGAL is phosphorylated by a free phosphate and ADP to form Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) while NAD is reduced to NADH. x. Each BPG aides in Substrate Level Phosphorylation of two ADP’s to form 2 ATP’s. Water is released. The remaining 3 carbon molecule is pyruvate. k. Fermentation – when pyruvate is used to oxidize NADH to replenish NAD+. Only produces 2 ATP per glucose through glycolysis. Some organisms (anaerobic) do it exclusively. Occurs regularly in all cells, but products can build up when NAD supplied through reduction of pyruvate is not available. 2 Forms: xi. Alcoholic – produces ethanol and CO2 from reduction of pyruvate. xii. Lactic acid – produces lactic acid from the reduction of pyruvate. l. Kreb’s Cycle – NAD required to begin. Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. xiii. Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA, Reduced by _______, Releases 1 NADH. iv. Acetyl CoA is added to Oxaloacetate to form Citrate. xv. Citrate is broken down releasing 2 H2O and is oxidized 4x: by NAD+ thrice and once by FAD+. One Substrate Level phosphorylation occurs producing ATP. Oxaloacetate is the product and continues the cycle by being added to the next available acetyl CoA. m. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation – takes place on the crist ae (inner mitochondrial) membrane. xvi. NADH and FADH2, products of Glycolysis and Krebs are oxidized by Q (molecule embedded in the membrane). Electrons are passed to cytochrome and protons are pumped into the proton pumps. xvii. The protons diffuse back through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The energy harnessed allows an oxidative phosphorylation of ATP. (3 for each NADH, 2 for each FADH2) xviii. Free protons in the matrix and the electrons accepted by E. T. C are passed to O2, which is reduced to water. Stomata Allows gas exchange; since a lot of water can be lost, plants only open stomata for photosynthesis in daylight; at night they close to reduce loss of water. **CAM plants keep their stomates closed during day and open at night*** Mesophyll C-3 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day C-4 Plants: CO2 combines with 3 carbon molecule PEP to form C-4 acid CAM Plants: stores CO2 in organic compounds that are synthesized at night Bundle sheath C-4 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day CAM Plants: Calvin Cycle during day Thylakoid lumen Light dependent reactions Stroma Calvin Cycle/Light independent reactions Inner membr ane E. T. C. Cytoplasm Glycolysis Fermentaion Matrix Kreb’s Cycle Diagrams (know following structures and what takes place there) How to cite Cell Energetics Study Guide, Papers

Marketing Plan for Apple Inc free essay sample

Marketing Plan for Apple Inc Introduction Apple Inc. designs, manufactures, and sells personal computers, computer accessories and computer related software. The company also offers peripherals, networking solutions and other related services. Additionally, Apple computers designs, builds, and markets a wide array of portable digital music players, telecommunication devices alongside related accessories and services (Cameron Quinn 2011, p 288). Apple Inc owes its recent success in the highly competitive computer industry to its situation, marketing strategy and product mix that have gone a long way market the Apple brand as leader of good quality and satisfactory experience. The success of the company borrows draws a lot of inspiration from the ingenuity of its fallen CEO Steve jobs whom through his visionary leadership maintained imaginative ways doing business (Cameron Quinn 2011, p 288). Most importantly, Apple Inc is run through a combination of great strategy, innovative marketing, exceptional products and excellent product style and design. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for Apple Inc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Apple’s Marketing Approach According to Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt (2008, p 10), Apple employs a customer focused marketing strategy. In so doing, the company focuses its operations on a specific area of expertise to emerge stronger in presenting the global market with a group of products that emphasize the superior technology through lean channels of distribution. Geographical segmentation plays a major role in the marketing approach by presenting geographical markets such as the US, Europe, Latin America and Africa with limited products varieties that include personal computers, networks, software, personal organizers, telecommunications devices, and other technology integration products (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt 2008, p 11). Apple’s target end user professional markets and students who keep abreast with high powered technological innovations. According to McDonald and Keegan (2002, p 48), Apple’s target market strategy focuses on broadly defined vertical markets where its high-tech products are marketed through new channel relationships across international borders. This strategy focuses on the company’s competitive strength as the designer and producer of high-tech products that promise better services for the global markets. The main tactic for achieving this marketing objective to remain consistent in promoting the high quality of its products through use of innovative technologies in the international communication platform such web based technologies (McDonald and Keegan 2002, p 48). Apple’s Marketing Orientation Apple has strived to remain customer focused in its marketing activities. As a result, the company exercises socially responsible marketing approaches through provision of superior quality products at fairly affordable costs (Schein 2010, p 230). To ensure that Apple’s products sell at customer friendly prices, the company has eliminated middle men to sell directly to its customers with a view of cutting down on the costs of distribution and hence end user prices. By selling directly to the end-users, the company understands the various needs of their customers and designs products that match their specifications and give the best value for their money. Additionally, Apple continues to respond to the specifications, needs and demands of its customers by promptly designing a range of products and services that fit the specific user segment. To meet the needs of the education customers for instance, Apple has designed innovative products such as one-to-one learning solutions, professional development solutions video creation solutions, editing solutions, iMac and MacBook to accommodate their learning needs (Schein, 2010, 231). Apple has effectively implemented an elaborate approach of reaching out to its customers through a purely customer driven marketing process. These process include using innovative communication technologies such as web based technologies to reach out to and educate its target customers on the strength and quality of its products. The company has additionally segmented its markets both geographically and in accordance with needs of its various customers to serve the specific needs of each market. Apple’s Brand Centered Marketing Culture Apple has over the years thrived on selling the strengths and quality of its brand. As such, the company huge sums of money advertisements to create strong brands for its products, which go a long way to establish brand loyalty among its customers. For instance, the late CEO Steve Jobs spent $ 100 million in advertisements for the iMac which eventually became an instant marketing hit. The company has continued to spend large amounts of money to run high powered advertisement campaigns that seek to create strong brands and endear the company’s products to the target customers (Schneiders 2011, p 10). For example the company recently ran the â€Å"switch† campaign urging customers to move to Apple products. In all these advertisements, Apple has remained focused on evoking lasting emotions and projecting the human touch from the perspective of customers who have literally believed in the charismatic approach of Steve Jobs that Apple’s products are designed for the convenience of the customer and for the love of technology.